{"id":780,"date":"2014-05-05T03:04:40","date_gmt":"2014-05-05T03:04:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/s526211630.onlinehome.us\/?page_id=780"},"modified":"2014-05-05T03:14:48","modified_gmt":"2014-05-05T03:14:48","slug":"korean-lessons-lesson-10","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.learnkorean.com\/?page_id=780","title":{"rendered":"Korean lessons: Lesson 10"},"content":{"rendered":"

Styles of speech–a broad classification<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

1.\u00a0 \uc874\ub313\ub9d0 or Polite speech<\/span> <\/b><\/p>\n

\ubc18\ub9d0(non-polite style): the style of speech in which you speak to your friends (of your age) or to people younger than you are.
\n\uc874\ub313\ub9d0 (polite style): the style in which you speak to your superiors or seniors.\u00a0\u00a0 Politeness of style can be demarcated into two criteria:<\/p>\n

(1) whom you talk to — Politeness is achieved by -\uc544\uc694\/-\uc5b4\uc694 or -\u3142\ub2c8\ub2e4<\/p>\n

(2) whom you talk about — Politeness is achieved by infix -\uc2dc-.<\/p>\n

When you talk to<\/span> someone, that person you are talking to<\/span> could be older or younger than you are; when you talk about<\/span> a person to<\/span> someone (of course, they can either be different or identical), that person you are talking about<\/span> can also be older or younger than you are.\u00a0 Chon-dae mal concerns the proper handling of both these criteria in speech.\u00a0 In addition to age, rank in various social relations also dictates proper use of these speech styles.<\/p>\n

Throughout these categories applies a supervening category of formality.\u00a0 This category concerns the occasion where the conversation occurs.\u00a0 For example, the formal style will be adopted more in work place, public speech, army, etc. ; whereas the informal would better be used among close friends, family members, and people in private relationship.\u00a0 However, in many cases, the consistency of formal\/informal speech style is not really strict.\u00a0 In other words, you may feel free switch back and forth between formal and informal style within a conversation, as long as you keep the consistency of politeness.<\/p>\n

We can summarize the above:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
TO<\/td>\n\n

ABOUT<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

formal ending<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

informal ending<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

TO seniors
\n(polite)<\/td>\n		ABOUT\u00a0juniors or self<\/td>\n-\u3142\/\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4<\/td>\n-\uc544\/\uc5b4\uc694<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ABOUT seniors<\/td>\n-(\uc73c)\uc2ed\ub2c8\ub2e4<\/td>\n-(\uc73c)\uc138\uc694<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
TO juniors
\n(plain)<\/td>\n		ABOUT juniors or self<\/td>\n-\ub2e4<\/td>\n-\uc544\/\uc5b4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ABOUT seniors<\/td>\n-(\uc73c)\uc2dc\ub2e4<\/td>\n-(\uc73c)\uc154<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
<\/pre>\n
This is a simple outline of endings.\u00a0 As we will learn later, there are other grammatical details that may be needed according to tense, verb\/adjective differentiation, etc.\u00a0 There are also other supplementary devices, such as self-effacing pronoun for the first person (\uc800 instead of plain \ub098 for ‘I’), lexically honorific words (\ub9d0\uc500 instead of \ub9d0 for ‘speech, words’), etc. , which will also be discussed later.<\/p>\n
Now let us see how we can make variation for same sentences.\u00a0 The following is in informal style.<\/p>\n
(Talking to my friend) The teacher is coming to our house.
\n\uc120\uc0dd\ub2d8\uc774 \uc6b0\ub9ac \uc9d1\uc5d0 \uc624\uc154.<\/p>\n
(Talking to my mother) The teacher is coming to our house.
\n\uc120\uc0dd\ub2d8\uc774 \uc6b0\ub9ac \uc9d1\uc5d0 \uc624\uc138\uc694.<\/p>\n
(Talking to my younger sister) My friend is coming to our house.
\n\uce5c\uad6c\uac00 \uc6b0\ub9ac \uc9d1\uc5d0 \uc640.<\/p>\n
(Talking to my mother) My friend is coming to our house.
\n\uce5c\uad6c\uac00 \uc6b0\ub9ac \uc9d1\uc5d0 \uc640\uc694.
\nExtensive variety in speech style is often the most overwhelming part when a foreigner begins to learn Korean.\u00a0 It is known to be more complicated than in Japanese. \u00a0 However, as much as it is hard to foreigners, it is not an easy matter to native speaker.\u00a0 People in younger generations in Korea also experience difficulty with proper use of speech style.\u00a0 (In fact, this is somehow related to the shifts that happened in the Korean social structure.\u00a0 Speech style is a product of layers of social\/kinship relationship.\u00a0 Compared to traditional families where more than three generations lived in one house or neighbourhood, modern ‘nuclear’ families offer very few opportunities for the children to practice different speech styles. )<\/p>\n
2. \ubb38\uc5b4\uccb4 or written style<\/span> <\/b><\/p>\n
\ubb38\uc5b4\uccb4 literally means “written-language style,” in which you write formal documents, articles, papers in classes, and so on. \u00a0As there are polite and non-polite styles, we have polite formal style and non-polite formal style.\u00a0 They both have -\ub2e4 at the end.<\/p>\n
polite formal ending — -\u3142\ub2c8\ub2e4\/\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4<\/p>\n
non-polite formal ending — -\u3134\ub2e4\/\ub294\ub2e4 (present-tense verb) or -\ub2e4 (elsewhere)<\/p>\n
Newspaper articles, academic papers, public announcement, and so forth, are written in these styles.\u00a0 In fact, the non-polite is preferred in most written documents over the polite, unless the document is by nature a dialogue (i. e. , announcement) aiming at actual readers.<\/p>\n
The non-polite formal, from a native speaker’s intuition, gives the impression of self-addressing, which may explain why it is also used in diaries–something that can be most informal.\u00a0 The style is also used frequently by a speaker toward others in the same or younger age, as we saw in the chart above, and therefore we can call it \ubc18\ub9d0.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Styles of speech–a broad classification 1.\u00a0 \uc874\ub313\ub9d0 or Polite speech \ubc18\ub9d0(non-polite style): the style of speech in which you speak to your friends (of your age) or to people younger than you are. \uc874\ub313\ub9d0 (polite style): the style in which…<\/p>\n
Read more →<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":647,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.learnkorean.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/780"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.learnkorean.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.learnkorean.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.learnkorean.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.learnkorean.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=780"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"http:\/\/www.learnkorean.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/780\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":782,"href":"http:\/\/www.learnkorean.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/780\/revisions\/782"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.learnkorean.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/647"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.learnkorean.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=780"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}